Land Reclamation and Water Management

POST-DESIGN MONITORING OF THE IRRIGATION IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT

A. M. Shevchenko — 2024-07-05

Approaches to conducting post-design monitoring of the impact of irrigation on soil condition are highlighted on the example of an individual agricultural farm of LLC "Granex-Cherkasy". The results of the implementation of the five-year post-design monitoring program under the conditions of irrigation by groundwater using sprinkling and drip methods proved the need to develop both unified general approaches to the formation of monitoring programs, as well as the mandatory consideration of the peculiarities of its management under different irrigation methods and hydrogeological-ameliorative conditions on the irrigation sites. As a basis for the development of a system of post-design monitoring of the impact of irrigation on the state of environmental components, it is proposed to use approaches to the organization and performance of local (on-site) monitoring of irrigated lands based on the requirements of current regulatory and methodological documents. The observation system, based on previous studies, included periodic determination of irrigation water quality indicators in storage ponds or in the places of watering and routine observations of soil conditions at permanent monitoring points (observation points), which are recommended to be taken as coordinate points of the previously conducted testing study (at the stage of the preparation of the environmental impact assessment report). The results of the post-design monitoring proved the ecological admissibility of the impact of irrigation within the farm with the groundwater of I and II quality classes (suitable and limitedly suitable according to individual quality indicators). Based on the results of monitoring, it was established that the soils under irrigation did not undergo significant classification changes in terms of deterioration for 5 years. The lack of manifestations of secondary (irrigation) salinization, sodification, and alkalinization of soils under the influence of irrigation indicates the environmental safety of the latter following the accepted standards for indicators of the degree of development of the specified soil degradation processes.

INFORMATION MATERIALS FOR ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE FACTORS ON FORMING SOIL WATER REGIME ON DRAINED LANDS

H. V. Voropay — 2024-07-05

The research results on creating information materials for assessing the impact of modern climatic factors on the formation of soil water regimes on drained lands are presented. By the results of the research, carried out at the "Romen" drainage and irrigation system (Sumy region), it was established that over the past 34 years, the average air temperature during the growing season has varied from 14,2 to 19,4 ^oC. In general, there is a trend for its slight decrease (almost by 0,2 ^oC). The highest average monthly air temperatures are recorded in July and August, and the lowest ones - in April. It was specified that the water regime of the active soil layer during the growing season is formed mainly due to moderate (4–14 mm – 44%) and significant (15–49 mm – 40%) precipitation, the total share of which in water reserves is 84%. There is a trend towards an increase in the share of significant precipitation (on average, up to 46–60 % of the total amount during the growing season) in years with high-water growing seasons, and its predominant amount falls in the range of 15–29 mm. There is also an increase in the share of moderate precipitation (up to 49% of the total amount during the growing season) in years with low-water growing seasons.

Information materials on the distribution of atmospheric precipitation by year in quantitative and percentage indicators, their recurrence in the growing seasons of 1990–2022 ("Romen" DIS, Sumy region), presented as an interactive visual report with graphic materials (dashboard) have been created. Informational materials in the form of dashboards enable us to monitor changes in climatic conditions, promptly providing up-to-date data when forecasting future trends in changes in the water supply of agricultural territories, in particular, the formation of the soil water regime on drained lands and addressing the challenges related to climate change.

REDUCING OF WATER AND ENERGY RESOURCES CONSUMPTION IN IRRIGATION BASED ON RESOURCE OPTIMISATION

V. A. Stashuk — 2024-07-05

The need for further development of irrigation practices on the basis of nature oriented and ecologically efficient solutions is considered primarily regarding the saving of water and energy resources for the adaptation of irrigated agricultural production to the current global challenges and threats, the achievement of sustainable development goals. It is shown that there is an objective need to change methodological approaches to the assessment of overall efficiency and justification of optimal solutions in design, reconstruction, and operation projects of irrigation systems based on the principles of resource optimization. On the basis of the indicator of the level of irrigation sufficiency (introduced by the authors), which reflects the reduction of the studied watering and irrigation rates in relation to their design values, a study of the impact of reducing the use of water and energy resources under different modes of sprinkler irrigation on the corresponding decrease in the level of cultivated crops productivity was carried out. At the same time, it was experimentally determined that the intensity (rate) of the decrease in the cultivated crops productivity, which occurs due to the decrease in the usage of water and energy resources during the application of irrigation, is significantly lower than the intensity (rate) of the decrease in the usage of the resources themselves. The studied options for reducing the consumption on water and energy resources as a whole turned out to be economically profitable when with a decrease in water and electricity usage by 27–48% there is more than two times lower decrease in the costs of gross products by 10,80–18,06% with the achievement of a net income of 11,4 to 5,7 thousand UAH. The influence of various options of reducing water and electricity consumption on the discounted investment payback period shows that several options may be acceptable, for which the investment payback period does not exceed 10 years, and the choice of the optimal solution requires taking into account the conditions of a specific object, limitations of water resources, and the interests of investors and land users. At the same time, the ecological component of the overall efficiency of irrigation practices consists in the decrease in the use of water and energy resources that a priori reflects the decrease in the negative impact of irrigation on the environment. Thus, reducing the usage of water and energy resources is a fully justified decision on the way to adapt irrigated agriculture production to the modern conditions and requirements, and the presented results can be a scientific basis for the implementation of this approach while practically applying irrigation.

ANALYSIS OF THE CALCULATION OF REFERENCE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION ACCORDING TO THE DATA OF THE STATE METEOROLOGICAL STATION

O. V. Zhuravlov — 2024-07-05

Since direct measurement of reference evapotranspiration (ET₀) is a complex, time-consuming and expensive process, the most common procedure is to estimate ET₀ from climate data. The purpose of this study was to perform reference evapotranspiration calculations based on the data of the state meteorological station Askania-Nova and compare them with the actual ET₀ data obtained using an automatic Internet meteorological station. The data for the study were taken from the state meteorological station Askania-Nova (township Askania-Nova, Kakhovsky district, Kherson region, 46.45°N 33.88°E) and the automatic Internet meteorological station iMetos IMT 300 from the company "Pessl Instruments", which is located at the meteorological site of the Askaniysk DSDS (Tavrychanka village, Kakhovsky district, Kherson region, 46.55°N, 33.83°E). Standard evapotranspiration was calculated using the Penman-Monteith method (FAO56-RM). To assess the accuracy of ET₀ calculations, mean absolute percent error (MAPE), root mean square error (RMSE) and Standard Error of Estimate (SEE ) were determined. According to the results of the comparison of indicators from two meteorological stations, it was found that the smallest errors are inherent in the daily average and maximum temperature and relative air humidity (MAPE<10%), for the minimum temperature and relative air humidity, the MAPE errors are 18,1 and 13,7%, respectively. The MAPE error for water vapor pressure deficit and solar radiation is 20,2 and 26,3%, respectively. The largest MAPE error of 40,3% was established for wind speed measurements. The average MAPE error between the calculated ET₀, based on the meteorological data of the Askania-Nova station, and the actual ET₀ data obtained from the automatic Internet meteorological station iMetos is 16,8%, RMSE – 0,65 mm, SEE – 0,56 mm. Applying a coefficient of 0,92 when calculating ET₀ reduces the errors of MAPE, RMSE, and SEE by 3,2%, 0,15 mm, and 0,05 mm, respectively, for all calculation periods. For the May-August period, the MAPE error was 10,7%, which brings the calculations close to high accuracy (MAPE <10%). Based on the results of the calculations, it was established that on average over the years of research, the actual ET₀ was 68 mm less than the calculated one. The absolute errors of determination of ETc depended on the crop and the average over the years of research ranged from 33 mm (winter wheat) to 68 mm (early tomatoes). The application of the refined value of ET₀ in calculations reduces the absolute errors in the determination of c over the years of research, this error did not exceed 6 mm (early tomato). Research results confirm the possibility of using meteorological indicators obtained from state meteorological stations to calculate ET₀. To increase the accuracy of calculations, it is necessary to use a refinement coefficient.

ANALYSIS OF THE EFFICIENCY OF TRADITIONAL TECHNOLOGIES OF WATER PREPARATION OF THE KREMENCHUK RESERVOIR OF THE DNIPRO RIVER TO ENSURE DRINKING NEEDS

M. V. Yatsiuk — 2024-07-05

An analysis of the efficiency of the surface water treatment systems of the Dnipro reservoirs when their quality is changed to ensure the normative indicators of the quality of drinking water were carried out. The study of the effectiveness of traditional water treatment technologies was carried out by analyzing the results of laboratory studies of source and drinking water at the Dnipro water treatment plant with water intake from the Kremenchuk Reservoir (data from the Svitlovodsk Water and Sewage Services (SWS) of the Regional Municipal Production Enterprise (RMPE) of the Dnipro-Kirovograd), establishing correlations of quality indicators and assessing the state of water resources by the requirements of water legislation. The treatment plants of the Dnipro water supply station are not designed to treat water with a high content of biogenic substances during active phytoplankton vegetation, and under such conditions, increased doses of preliminary chlorination are used. As a result, water is polluted with residual chlorine and organochlorine. An increase in the dose of aluminum-containing coagulants in the corresponding period leads to an increase in the aluminum content in drinking water to the limit of the normative value (0,5 mg/dm³). According to the results of research in drinking water, turbidity was found to be 1,4 higher and permanganate oxidizability 1,3 higher than the standard content; excesses of color, iron, and residual chlorine content were found only sporadically and were on average within the upper limits of normative values. Correlation analysis (Pearson and Spearman correlations methods) of the influence of temperature on the following hydrometric, chemical, and physical factors was carried out: changes in turbidity, color, and changes in the concentration of total iron and ammonia. The analysis confirmed the visual connection of oxygen with temperature and water level and the influence of factors on oxygen concentration. The practical aspects of phytoplankton extraction during water intake from Dnipro reservoirs and water treatment at stations have gained further scientific justification.

THE ROLE OF ESG BUSINESS REPORTING IN WATER MANAGEMENT

V. P. Panteleev — 2024-07-05

The rational use of water resources by business structures requires the development of appropriate strategies and their adherence to the chosen policy in terms of management of these objects: drawing up programs and plans, introducing environmental protection actions, displaying the economic effect and documenting all transactions, minimizing negative impacts on the environment and presentation of the positive and negative consequences of the use of natural resources in the format of ESG reporting, which discloses information about the activities of companies in the field of Environmental aspects, Social responsibility and Corporate Governance. This practice positions companies as an active participant in sustainable development and allows them to increase their own ratings, which makes it possible to have advantages in attracting investments and targeted financing, increasing one's own competitiveness due to improved trust in such companies, etc. Improving the quality of information in ESG reporting on water resources management and related processes allows stakeholders to receive complete and reliable information when making management decisions. On the basis of the study of ESG reporting of 8 corporations from Ukraine in terms of the use of water resources during the implementation of the strategy of sustainable development, positive and problematic practices of companies were identified when preparing the necessary data for reporting. During this analysis, the experience and legislative guidelines on the exploitation of water resources and the use of ecological and economic accounting of water in the countries were taken into account. In addition, approaches to applying the level of materiality in ESG reporting were analyzed when reporting in this format. The results of the study made it possible to rank the elements of water resources management of economic entities according to the rule of materiality of data in ESG reporting and to propose an algorithm for compiling ESG reporting in the part of water resources management, taking into account the level of materiality. The article substantiates the directions of providing companies with adequate information on water resources management measures and reflecting such practices in ESG reporting to meet the needs of internal and external users. The directions of further scientific research in the field of reporting on the use of water resources by various business entities are also outlined. A critical analysis of the peculiarities of ESG reporting in the area of water resources management can provide an opportunity for top managers of domestic companies to improve the quality of financial and non-financial information, which, in turn, will contribute to the improvement of the corporate governance system on the one hand, and on the other hand, improve the satisfaction of information users. requests of all stakeholders when making their own management decisions.

ACCUMULATION OF SYMBIOTIC NITROGEN BY PERENNIAL LEGUMINOUS CROPS IN THE SOUTHERN STEPPE OF UKRAINE

H. O. Iutynska — 2024-07-05

The use of perennial leguminous crops is an energetically and economically beneficial and ecologically safe measure for improving the nitrogen balance of soils, which implementation requires specification and additional research of certain soil and climatic conditions and farming systems. The work aimed at studying the accumulation of biologically bound nitrogen by alfalfa and Hungarian sainfoin in single-species crops, as well as in wheatgrass-alfalfa and wheatgrass-sainfoin grass mixtures on the dark-chestnut soil of southern Ukraine. Laboratory, field, and statistical research methods were applied. The obtained results showed that the accumulation of nitrogen in the biomass of leguminous perennial grasses in single-species crops of blue hybrid alfalfa, Hungarian sainfoin, and intermediate wheatgrass and their grass mixtures depended on the hydrothermal conditions of the growing season, changes in species botanical composition by the years of grass stand used. During the first and second years of use, the nitrogen content in the biomass of alfalfa was 3,54-3,75%, sainfoin – 3,49-3,65%, and was significantly higher than in single-species crops of intermediate wheatgrass – 2,62-2,77% to dry matter. The removal of total nitrogen by intermediate wheatgrass during this period did not exceed 90 kg/ha; by alfalfa and sainfoin, it was 125-134 kg/ha, including symbiotic nitrogen removed by the alfalfa crop – 35-39 kg/ha and Hungarian sainfoin – 37-44 kg /ha. In the fractional composition of nitrogen in the soil of the experimental field after three years of using alfalfa when inoculating seeds with the complex microbial preparation Ecovital, the nitrogen content was the highest compared to other types of crop rotation, including total nitrogen – 1006,3-1428,8, mineral nitrogen – 24,9-46,3; alkaline hydrolyzed nitrogen – 113,8-186,0 mg/kg of soil. The obtained results allow us to conclude that the creation of highly productive symbiotic systems when using the latest biological preparations will contribute to improving soil nitrogen balance, eliminate the catastrophic decrease in fertility and soil degradation, improve the fodder base for animal production, and reduce the ecological burden on agricultural lands.

FEATURES OF FORMING WATER AVAILABILITY FOR WINTER WHEAT IN THE SOUTH OF UKRAINE

R. V. Saidak — 2024-07-05

The article examines the importance of considering several factors affecting the soil water regime in the context of developing models for forecasting productive soil moisture reserves. It was established that the main factors, such as the type of soil, its density, and mechanical composition, remain constant in different soil and climatic regions of Ukraine. The second group of factors, such as air temperature, precipitation, and soil moisture, are subject to changes throughout the growing season and even over short periods. Therefore, the dynamics of soil moisture as a function of the main variables, such as average air temperature and precipitation, was considered using calculations. Initial moisture reserves are used in the calculations for more accurate forecasting of moisture reserves at the end of a specified period. Hydrothermal conditions considered as predictors in the regression equation are also used. The reliability of the conducted research is confirmed by the analysis of independent input and output information from the Kherson weather station in the period from 2018 to 2021 regarding the actual reserves of productive moisture in the soil at a depth of 0 - 20,0 - 50 and 0 - 100 cm.

The average error between actual and calculated data did not exceed +13,5%. It confirms the reliability and precision of the conducted research making it the basis for further analyses and conclusions. The conclusions noted the need for accurately determining soil moisture to effectively manage agrometeorological conditions and optimize crop yield. The authors believe that the research work presented in this article can significantly contribute to developing modern approaches to water availability in agriculture and agrometeorology. That will contribute to the gradual and improved development of soil moisture forecasting methodology, which is key to ensuring sustainable and productive development in agriculture.

CORN FOR GRAIN IN CONTINUOUS GROWING UNDER DIFFERENT FERTILIZER SYSTEMS AND WEATHER CONDITIONS

L. D. Hlushchenko — 2024-07-05

On the experimental field of the Poltava State Agricultural Experimental Station named after M. I. Vavilov of the The Institute of Pig Breeding and Agro-Industrial Production of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, during 1984-2023, on typical chernozem in conditions of unstable moisture of the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe, were conducted researches to study the continuous growing of corn for grain and its productivity. Precipitation is the leading factor in providing corn with available moisture in this region. Different hydrothermal conditions, especially the amount of moisture during the agricultural year and the vegetation, led to sharp fluctuations in grain yield over the years, which occurred in a wide range. The analysis of the average values of corn productivity for each 10 consecutive years of conducting these studies made it possible to establish that during the first decade of observations, the dynamics of this indicator in subsequent periods took place in the paradigm of its growth, albeit at a different level. Maize grain yield and its correlation with different weather conditions and fertilization systems, regardless of the replacement of maize hybrids, ranged from direct to inverse and from low to high. Long-term application of different doses and ratios of organic and mineral fertilizers contributed to changes in both quantitative and qualitative indicators of humus in the soil. It was determined that the content of total carbon in the fertilized areas was higher by 3,0 and 3,3 relative percent compared to the unfertilized ones. Special attention was paid to the ratio between humic and fulvic acids, which directly depends on the fertilization system. The different effect of this agrotechnical measure on the amount of humus accumulation in the soil is shown. Thus, in areas without fertilizers (control), its accumulation occurs at the level of an average indicator and a weak effect of organic acids on the mineral part of the soil, while under the organo-mineral fertilization system, this process takes place intensively, and the mineral part remains almost unchanged.

THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT LIME RATES ON THE YIELD AND QUALITY OF WINTER WHEAT UNDER MINERAL FERTILIZATION ON A SOD-PODZOLIC SOIL

M. Y. Shevchuk — 2024-07-05

Stable productivity, essential for winter wheat as a strategic crop, can only be achieved by meeting its growth and development requirements, especially nutrition. Soddy-podzolic soils, typically highly acidic in their natural state, are unsuitable for realizing winter wheat's full yield potential. Combined fertilizer and lime application is a key factor for grain yield and quality. While lime (CaCO₃) is widely used to reclaim acidic soils, determining the optimal application rate, particularly in combination with mineral fertilizers, is crucial. This research investigated the effect of applying 0,5-2,0 lime norms based on soil hydrolytic acidity (Hh, mmol/100 g) combined with a moderate norm of N₆₀P₆₀K₆₀ mineral fertilizers on winter wheat grain yield and quality. The soil had an initial pHKCl of 4.8 and a hydrolytic acidity of 2,3 mmol/100 g of soil. Field, laboratory, calculation, statistical, and generalization methods were employed. The experiment revealed the lowest grain yield in the control and N₆₀P₆₀K₆₀ treatments without liming. Lime application at various rates with N₆₀P₆₀K₆₀ increased grain yield by 0,74-0,89 t/ha compared to the control, with the 1,5 CaCO₃ norm by Hh achieving the best results. The application of 2,0 norms of CaCO₃ led to a statistical decrease in yield by 0,14 t/ha (p≤0,05) due to a reduction in available nutrient compounds in the soil. Liming also affected the main indicators of grain quality of winter wheat. An increase to the control was found for the weight of 1000 grains and protein content, while the actual weight of the grain decreased. As the most optimal treatment, regarding grain quality, was found out the option of 1,0 CaCO₃ norm based on soil hydrolytic acidity in combination with N₆₀P₆₀K₆₀, with the winter wheat grain yield of 3,54 t/ha and an increase in the protein content in it by 6,8% to the background

IMPROVING THE ASSESSMENT OF THE ECOLOGICAL STATE OF SURFACE WATERS BY SATELLITE DATA

O. V. Vlasova — 2024-07-05

The article presents the results of research into the ecological state of surface waters using newly developed scientific approaches based on the use of high spatial resolution satellite data. The systematization of all available indicators and the development of new methodological approaches significantly improves the existing methodology for determining the ecological state of water bodies, which is the goal of research. In the studies of water bodies within the city of Kyiv, Obolon Bay and Lake Verbne, the optimal set of such indicators as spectral indices was determined, which made it possible to comprehensively assess the state of water bodies: NDWI - for distinguishing vegetation and water bodies, GCI - to assess the extent of blue-green algae, NDTI - to determine turbidity, IO - to determine the presence of soluble iron in water, NDSI - to assess the extent of flooding. According to the NDSI, NDWI indices and a combination of the red and infrared channels of the Sentinel-2 L2A satellite, the flooding of the floodplain of the Irpin River was traced, caused by the destruction of a hydraulic structure near the village of Kozarovichi. Wave abrasion of the shores was studied on the example of the Kremenchuk Reservoir near the villages of Pronozivka and Mozoliivka using Landsat4 (1984) and Landsat8 (2016) satellite images. The study of the reshaping of the coastline near the village of Tsybli in the Kyiv region used the method of determining spatio-temporal changes of the coastline as a result of its erosion. The assessment of spatio-temporal changes of the coastline should be carried out taking into account the water levels on the dates of the measurements. The conducted studies established that all the identified evaluation indicators can be grouped as biological, hydro morphological, and physicochemical, and it can be concluded that methodical approaches to assessing the ecological state of surface waters using satellite data are based on established cause-and-effect relationships of processes affecting water objects.

TECHNOLOGY OF STRUCTURAL REPAIR OF CONCRETE AND REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES OF WATERWORKS

I. V. Voitovych — 2024-07-05

The assessment of the current state of the water and land reclamation engineering infrastructure facilities, which was carried out on the basis of the analysis of technical documentation, visual, and instrumental examination of the structures' technical condition, confirms that as a result of long-term operation of the waterworks without proper reparation and restoration measures, their technical condition has significantly deteriorated.

The most promising for the repair of concrete and reinforced concrete structures are cement-based materials modified with polymers (polymer concrete), which are dry mixtures of cement, sand, re-dispersible polymer powder (RPP) and other modifying additives. The research results of the redispersing polymer powders influence on the adhesive properties of repair composites are presented. It is shown that the modification of cement-sand solutions of RPP leads to a significant increase in the adhesive properties of repair composites. The optimally effective concentration of RPP in repair compositions has been found.

The article highlights the technology of structural repair of concrete and reinforced concrete structures of the waterworks with the use of modern composite materials, which makes it possible to restore the design geometric indicators and the load-bearing capacity of the structures. The proposed technology and effective repair compositions help to carry out repair and restoration work on hydrotechnical structures of the water management and reclamation complex, in particular those destroyed or damaged as a result of the military aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine. The main principles of choosing the optimal technology for the structural repair of concrete and reinforced concrete structures of the waterworks, depending on the nature and degree of damage, the influence of technological and operational conditions on the structures' geometric indicators restoration during the modernization and reconstruction of reclamation systems in the post-war period, are revealed.

APPROACHES TO ASSESSING THE STABILITY OF BANK PROTECTION STRUCTURES OF WATERBODIES: ANALYSIS OF CONSTRUCTIONS AND MODELS FOR THEIR CALCULATION

V. P. Kovalchuk — 2024-07-05

The article analyzes the theoretical foundations for determining the stress state in a soil mass and the design of fastening the bank slope of reservoirs. Scientific research and theoretical principles on determining the forces that act on a bank protection structure have been systematized. Methodological approaches to the static calculation of bank protection for indirectly vertical structures are proposed, taking into account the relationship between the load on the structure and its deformation.

The purpose of the research is to ensure the stability and reliability of bank protection structures and to substantiate directions for improving technical solutions in modern conditions.

The work analyzes the use of various types of slope fastenings for bank protection structures in accordance with the requirements of State construction standards. It is proposed to focus research on sheet piling shore fastenings, as a modern and progressive technology for bank protection. The "soil massif - fastening structure" system is considered as a calculation model in the form of a one-sided type, which is an elastic element, which makes it possible to apply the modern apparatus of the theory of elasticity in considering this problem. This makes it possible to accept a linear relationship between stress and strain and obtain sufficient accuracy, which is confirmed by the available results of domestic and foreign research. For calculations of deformations, and assessment of the strength and stability of soil massifs and foundations, it is proposed to pay direct attention to the characteristics of the mechanical properties of soils, while three stages of foundation deformation are considered.

The formulated differential equations of the equilibrium of the soil massif make it possible to solve a wide range of issues related to the limit equilibrium and to obtain the calculated parameters of the pressure of earth masses on the retaining walls of shore fortifications of the oblique-vertical type. The results of the research analysis are recommended for use in determining the main loads on hydraulic structures, substantiating technical solutions for the development and improvement of slope and slope-vertical types of bank protection of reservoirs.